News December 15, 2024
AI Will Evolve Into an Organizational Strategy for All
The organization structure has changed very little since the invention of the org chart in the 1850s. The hierarchical structure consists of multiple layers of managers and decisionmakers. However, with the integration of AI, a fundamental change is on its way. In 2025, we will see the first organizations to build around the combination of humans and AIs working together. This shift represents a significant change in how we structure and operate our businesses and institutions. While AI has primarily worked as an assistant at the individual level, it can now be used to create entirely new ways of working that leverage the unique strengths of both humans and AI. The key to unlocking the true power of LLMs lies in moving beyond individual use cases to organizational-level integration.
Startups are leading the charge in this transformation. They will begin to reimagine their entire organizational structure, processes, and culture around the symbiotic relationship between human and artificial intelligence. The benefits of this approach may be even more significant for large, established organizations. These companies have the potential to use AI to route around inefficiencies, unlock new growth from existing talent, and tap into the collective intelligence of their workforce in ways never before possible.
The journey to becoming an AI-integrated organization will be more complex but potentially more rewarding for larger companies. These organizations will need to undertake significant research and development efforts to understand how to best leverage AI within their specific context. The actual use cases and innovations will come from workers and managers across all departments who discover opportunities to use AI to enhance their job performance. In fact, for large companies, the source of any real advantage in AI will come from the expertise of their employees, which is needed to unlock the latent knowledge and capabilities within AI systems.
The organizational structures that emerge from this AI integration will look markedly different from traditional hierarchies. We may see the rise of more fluid, project-based structures where teams form and dissolve rapidly around specific goals, with AI systems acting as connectors and facilitators. Middle management roles may evolve to focus more on human-AI coordination rather than traditional supervisory tasks.
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The Simple Math Behind Public Key Cryptography
The original version of this story appeared in Quanta Magazine. For thousands of years, if you wanted to send a secret message, there was basically one way to do it. You’d scramble the message using a special rule, known only to you and your intended audience. This rule acted like the key to a lock. If you had the key, you could unscramble the message; otherwise, you’d need to pick the lock. Some locks are so effective they can never be picked, even with infinite time and resources. But even those schemes suffer from the same Achilles’ heel that plagues all such encryption systems: How do you get that key into the right hands while keeping it out of the wrong ones? The counterintuitive solution, known as public key cryptography, relies not on keeping a key secret but rather on making it widely available. The trick is to also use a second key that you never share with anyone, even the person you’re communicating with. It’s only by using this combination of two keys—one public, one private—that someone can both scramble and unscramble a message. To understand how this works, it’s easier to think of the “keys” not as objects that fit into a lock, but as two complementary ingredients in an invisible ink. The first ingredient makes messages disappear, and the second makes them reappear. If a spy named Boris wants to send his counterpart Natasha a secret message, he writes a message and then uses the first ingredient to render it invisible on the page. (This is easy for him to do: Natasha has published an easy and well-known formula for disappearing ink.) When Natasha receives the paper in the mail, she applies the second ingredient that makes Boris’ message reappear. In this scheme, anyone can make messages invisible, but only Natasha can make them visible again. And because she never shares the formula for the second ingredient with anyone—not even Boris—she can be sure the message hasn’t been deciphered along the way. When Boris wants to receive secret messages, he simply adopts the same procedure: He publishes an easy recipe for making messages disappear (that Natasha or anyone else can use), while keeping another one just for himself that makes them reappear. In public key cryptography, the “public” and “private” keys work just like the first and second ingredients in this special invisible ink: One encrypts messages, the other decrypts them. But instead of using chemicals, public key cryptography uses mathematical puzzles called trapdoor functions. These functions are easy to compute in one direction and extremely difficult to reverse. But they also contain “trapdoors,” pieces of information that, if known, make the functions trivially easy to compute in both directions. One common trapdoor function involves multiplying two large prime numbers, an easy operation to perform. But reversing it—that is, starting with the product and finding each prime factor—is computationally impractical. To make a public key, start with two large prime numbers. These are your trapdoors. Multiply the two numbers together, then perform some additional mathematical operations. This public key can now encrypt messages. To decrypt them, you’ll need the corresponding private key, which contains the prime factors—the necessary trapdoors. With those numbers, it’s easy to decrypt the message. Keep those two prime factors secret, and the message will stay secret.
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25 best movies on Netflix to stream right now
This is an interesting list of movies that have been released in 2023 and are available on Netflix. The list includes a mix of popular movies, such as “The Polka King” and “Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery,” and lesser-known movies like “I’m Thinking of Ending Things.”
It is important to note that the availability of these movies on Netflix may change over time, so it is always a good idea to check the streaming service for the most up-to-date information.